Spss statical analysis of my primary research of my report Essay

Spss statical investigation of my essential examination of my report - Essay Example Essential information investigation uncovered that great structure of the item (62%), moderate value (60%), and notoriety (57%) are the most significant purposes behind the clients to shop at Ted Baker. Under 15% and under 23% of the respondents likewise detailed deals person’s data and store condition individually are significant. The quantity of people who depicted moderate cost as the most significant motivation to purchase from Ted Baker was around 58% of the complete respondents. Besides, 23% of the customers in the 31 to 40 age class detailed moderate cost as the most significant purpose behind purchasing from Ted while none expressed reasonable cost as ‘not important’. In the under 21 and 21 to 30 age classes, the moderate cost was additionally appraised as the most significant explanation behind the greater part of the customers. The board of Chart 02 outlines the significance of reasonable cost for the clients in various age classifications. The significance of different variables to the customers, for example, quality, structure, salespersons’ data, store condition and notoriety of the brand, is shown in Tables 2â€6 individually in Appendix B. Roughly 58% of the respondents expressed reasonable cost is increasingly significant contrasted with the administrations, store condition and brand notoriety. Rate extents of the individual respondents who revealed moderate cost is increasingly significant contrasted with different elements are outlined in Appendix C and Graph 1 beneath. Fulfilled and steadfast clients have been over and again visiting Ted Baker for a more extended length contrasted with the others. Discoveries bolster the hypothesis that fulfillment and faithfulness are connected, and it incorporates social qualities, for example, proceeding to buy items from a similar provider. The connection coefficient between the level of faithfulness and the length of the

Violence Is Not the Solution to People’s Problems. Free Essays

Viciousness isn't the answer for people’s issues. Is brutality, the response to people’s issues? No chance. Well first what does savagery really mean. We will compose a custom exposition test on Viciousness Is Not the Solution to People’s Problems. or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Brutality implies ‘rough power that is utilized to harm or harm’ (Macquarie Pocket Dictionary Third Edition pg. 1153). In The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton distributed in 1972 brutality is utilized consistently to answer troubles. In this novel there are two Gangs called The Socs and The Greaser. The Socs are the rich children on the north part of town and The Greaser are the white collar class kids on the south part of town. Savagery is never the appropriate response. It might prompt harm to your psychological and physical wellbeing. It additionally harms your loved ones. Savagery harms individuals genuinely. Punching and kicking isn't the best approach to tackle issues. It can prompt genuine wounds and at times demise. Much the same as after the thunder Pony Boy is harmed with cuts and wounds all over his body. Falter winds up taking him to clinic. Individuals ought not utilize viciousness to determine troubles regardless of whether they are furious or focused. Viciousness harms individuals intellectually. At the point when you hit individuals or swear at them it harms them. It develops inside until you can't take any longer. For example, when Darry hits Pony Boy, it harms him and makes him need to flee. Brutality doesn't tackle issues. It harms more than you might suspect. At the point when viciousness is utilized to take care of issues, trust and kinship is lost inside families. For instance when Johnny slaughters a Soc. Johnny and Pony Boy flee, that makes their loved ones pushed. Stress prompts hostility to kill outrage from ones self. Families need to remain together in any case viciousness will be utilized. Some may believe that brutality since it is a type of self preservation. Self preservation is something that includes securing oneself, one’s property or the prosperity of another from physical harm’ (WikiPedia). Much the same as in the Rumble the Greasers are safeguarding themselves and their domain. Likewise like when the Socs attempt to suffocate Pony Boy and Johnny utilizing self protection, murdered a Soc. Self protection is a type of savagery that normally prompts further results. Brutality ought not be utilized to take care of issues. It just prompts harm to your psychological and physical wellbeing. It additionally harms your loved ones. Simply think do you need viciousness keep being available in your general public? Instructions to refer to Violence Is Not the Solution to People’s Problems., Papers

User Manual Critique

I utilized the accompanying models to scrutinize this manual, crowd acknowledgment, segments of guidelines, security directions, instructional advances and anally designs and recordings. The main measures I utilized is crowd acknowledgment. This manual is composed for scene experts who have some experience utilizing this sort of apparatus previously. The wording that is utilized all through the manual recommends that the client recognizes what the general activity of the machine is for.This is a smart thought in such a case that the machine Is not utilized appropriately it could can possibly be risky, causing injury or even demise. This Is likewise an issue in such a case that somebody is curious about with the machine and endeavors to utilize It the manual could confound them, and they may to collect the machine effectively, and not follow all the wellbeing admonitions that are In the manual. This could likewise be a perilous circumstance since the synthetic concoctions that are uti lized related to the machine could be hazardous.The second rules I picked is the parts and directions of the manual. The principal page shows a general diagram of the sprayer with pictures of explicit pieces of the machine. One issue with the principle page is that it said that there was an inquiry alternative yet I never found that choice in any piece of the manual. The presentation page gives a concise review of the manual and calls attention to potential perils related with the machine and recognizes signal words all through the manual, for example, threat, notice, alert and significant and their setting in the manual.It Is spread out with a chapter by chapter guide and every header in the table has sub-headings that are all hyperlinked to the right page of the manual and route Is genuinely simple all through the segments. The chapter by chapter guide Is additionally introduced In a consistent request, beginning with the presentation completely through setting up and working the machine, lastly finishing with guarantee and contact data. The third measures I picked is wellbeing guidelines. This bit of hardware manages the splashing of synthetic concoctions and along these lines if not utilized appropriately can make hurt the client or individuals around the area.The security segment of the manual goes over all the safeguards that should be followed when managing synthetics, for example, wearing the best possible wellbeing gear when utilizing the machine. Each sub-area has unmistakably spread out the means required to get ready, use, and keep up the sprayer in a protected way. One thing I saw Is there are no connections to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) site which could have much increasingly definite security Information for the utilization of synthetic concoctions. The fourth rules I picked was Instructional steps.The manual has nitty gritty guidelines on the most proficient method to arrangement the sprayer for use. It experiences bit by bit and sprayer. Each area has composed directions just as pictures and recordings on the establishment and utilization of the sprayer. It experiences firing up the sprayer and how to drive it, and closing it down. It is an exceptionally confused machine to utilize, and the essayist worked superbly of attempting to teach the client on the most proficient method to utilize it. There are some minor issues I saw with the directions however.The manual can be over-convoluted once in a while and may lose the peruser. The is an abundance of data and could have been dense down and consolidated into littler gatherings of data. Without a working inquiry work, the peruser needs to experience numerous regions to discover what they are searching for. The last rules I picked is the manuals consolidation of designs and recordings. The Ritter worked admirably of having photographs of each piece of the machine that was being depicted in that area, and furthermore incorporates a decent measur e of recordings as well.The thumbnails can be tapped on and a bigger picture comes up, yet they are still a little on the littler side so it tends to be troublesome on certain photos to see all the parts being portrayed. There are representations that when tapped on, show a demo of what the undertaking is, which can be useful to the client. The recordings are helpful for portraying what should be done, and the storyteller talks in an unmistakable tone that is anything but difficult to understand.The primary issue with the recordings anyway is they are not high caliber so when they are made full screen the picture isn't clear and can be hard to follow. In the event that they had utilized higher goals video they would have been significantly more accommodating. By and large the author worked superbly while making this manual and the client ought not have numerous issues tailing it, as long as they know about the gear regardless. A fledgling client will require more assistance utilizin g the machine then the manual gives, however when purchasing such a machine, they ought to be skillful with utilizing this sort of sprayer.

Operant Conditioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operant Conditioning Paper - Essay Example Operant Conditioning is generally utilized in brain science as well as in other various settings. An individual carries on with a specific goal in mind because of the reaction (boosts) he encounters in his condition. At the point when these reactions are fortified, at that point the individual or creature is molded to react. Operant Conditioning doesn't utilize the experimentation technique in deciding a person’s response to a specific reaction. It is straightforwardly experienced by the person through a specific involvement with his condition. Fortifications mean â€Å"to reinforce or make strong† yet they can be both positive just as negative. A reinforcer is considered positive when the fortification is introduced or happens. Then again, a negative fortification is the point at which the support is pulled back. So as to stifle a person’s conduct, contrary support is used, however that doesn’t imply that antagonistic fortification is discipline. Adverse reinforcers are regularly used to address a person’s conduct by evacuating the constructive reinforcer and supplanting it with the pessimistic one. This encourages the person to condition or react in an alternate manner by diminishing the result or danger of discipline, in this way improving his conduct. Operant Behavior is shaped by the outcomes an individual gets in the earth. The opportunity of an individual is influenced all the while. (Skinner, 1971) If the individual has encountered positive strengthening results as a rule feel a feeling of opportunity, yet this isn't the situation in negative outcomes. As indicated by B.F Skinner, â€Å"The exploratory examination of operant conduct has prompted an innovation frequently called conduct modification†. (B.F Skinner, 1971) Between the uplifting feedback and Negative support, the one that is generally utilized in the remedy of conduct is the Negative fortification. In such a domain, the difficulty causing outcomes are evacuated and supplanted with different results,

the tunnel of samos Essays

the passage of samos Essays the passage of samos Essay the passage of samos Essay One of the best building accomplishments of old occasions is a water burrow, 1,036 meters (4,000 feet) since quite a while ago, uncovered through a mountain on the Greek island of Samos in the 6th century B. C. It was burrowed through strong limestone by two separate groups progressing in an orderly fashion from the two closures, utilizing just picks, sledges, and etches. This was a massive accomplishment of difficult work. The scholarly accomplishment of deciding the bearing of burrowing was similarly amazing. How could they do this? Nobody knows without a doubt, in light of the fact that no put down accounts exist. At the point when the passage was burrowed, the Greeks had no attractive compass, no looking over nstruments, no topographic maps, nor even a lot of composed arithmetic available to them. Euclids Elements, the main significant abstract of old arithmetic, was kept in touch with somewhere in the range of 200 years after the fact. There are, nonetheless, some persuading explana-tions, the most established of which depends on a hypothetical strategy concocted by Hero of Alexandria five centuries after the passage was finished. It requires a progression of right-calculated navigates around the mountain starting at one passage of the proposed passage and closure at the other, principle taining a consistent rise, as recommended by the chart underneath left. By estimating the net istance went in every one of two opposite bearings, the lengths of two legs of a correct triangle are resolved, and the hypotenuse of the triangle is the proposed line of the passage. By spreading out littler comparable right triangles at each passage, markers can be utilized by each team to decide the bearing for burrowing. Later in this article I will apply Heros strategy to the landscape on Samos. Saints plan was broadly acknowledged for almost 2,000 years as the technique utilized on Samos until two British antiquarians of science visited the site in 1958, saw that the territory would have made this strategy unfeasible, and recommended an elective f their own. In 1993, I visited Samos myself to research the upsides and downsides of these two techniques for a Project MATHEMATICS! ideo program, and understood that the designing issue really to be resolved at a similar height above ocean level; and second, the course for burrowing between these focuses must be set up. I will depict potential answers for each part; on the whole, some chronicled foundation. Samos, Just off the shoreline of Turkey in the Aegean Sea, is the eighth biggest Greek island, with a zone of under 200 square miles. Isolated from Asia Minor by the thin Strait f Mycale, it is a brilliant island with rich vegeta-tion, delightful inlet s and sea shores, and an abun-move of good spring water. Samos prospered in the 6th century B. C. during the rule of the despot Polycrates (570-522 B. C. ), whose court pulled in artists, craftsmen, artists, logicians, and mathematicians from everywhere throughout the Greek world. His capital city, additionally named Samos, was arranged on the inclines of a mountain, later called Mount Castro, overwhelming a characteristic harbor and the restricted piece of ocean among Samos and Asia Minor. The student of history Herodotus, who lived in Samos in 457 B. C. , depicted it as the most renowned city of now is the ideal time.

Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Overview

Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Overview More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD In a small, little-noticed subcategory of the Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder (DSM-5, 300.3; ICD-10, F42) diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders â€" Fifth Edition (DSM-5), lies body-focused repetitive behavior disorder. Although they are not each specifically indexed in the DSM-5, these oft-overlooked behavioral difficulties can cause a great deal of distress and functional impairment in the lives of those who struggle with them. Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) include any repetitive self-grooming behavior that involves biting, pulling, picking, or scraping one’s own hair, skin, or nails that results in damage to the body and have been met with multiple attempts to stop or decrease the behavior. Like their more formally recognized relatives trichotillomania and excoriation disorder, BFRBs which rise to clinical significance must cause notable distress or impairment in the individual’s daily functioning and cannot be better accounted for by a stereotypic movement disorder or non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Types of Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder  BFRBs include, but are not limited to: Trichotillomania: Recurrent hair-pulling, resulting in hair loss. Data suggest that trichotillomania occurs in approximately 1% - 3% of the population.Excoriation Disorder: recurrent skin picking, resulting in skin lesions. Studies suggest  that pathological skin picking affects 1.4% - 5.4% of the U.S. adult population, 75% of whom are female.Onychophagia: Destruction of fingernails or toenails by means of habitual biting. Estimated to occur in approximately 28% - 45% of the population, this behavior may lead to complications such as visible damage to the skin and nails, skin infections, and dental problems including periodontal disease, malocclusion, crowding or rotation and attrition of the incisors.Onychotillomania: Destruction of the fingernails or toenails by means of chronic picking, pulling, and manicuring. Although little empirical data is available on this problem, a number of case reports have been published in both the psychological and dermatological literature.  Complica tions of this disorder are similar to onychophagia.  Lip Biting (Lip Bite Keratosis): The repetitive biting of the skin of one’s own lips.Cheek Biting (Cheek Keratosis): The recurrent destruction of one’s oral mucosa by means of biting with one’s own teeth, typically involving the area of the middle, inner cheek. Estimated to occur in approximately 3% of U.S. adults, complications of lip biting and cheek biting behavior include ulcerations, sores, and infections of the oral tissue as well as the development of keratosis â€" a callous-like formation.Tongue Chewing:  Chronic chewing on the tongue, most frequently the sides of the tongue, is a common oral problem. Complications of the behavior include soreness and keratinization, pigmentation, and hyperkeratosis. Although there has been little study of this problem, it has been noted in the dental literature. Misunderstandings One of the greatest misunderstandings regarding BFRBs is the underlying psychopathology. Contrary to early literature on these behaviors suggesting that they are self-mutilative, recent research suggests they are not related to intentional self-injury. Although  the function of the behavior varies, it is often experienced as self-soothing or assistive in the  regulation  of emotions or nervous system arousal. Most individuals who engage in these behaviors are responding to a physically felt urge (comparable to a premonitory urge to tic) which is relieved by the behavior, or, they are attempting to correct, fix, or otherwise improve some self-perceived aspect of the target area (e.g., the appearance, tactile sensation, etc. For example, to pick a scab with the intent of promoting smoother appearance and faster healing).   Individuals usually do not intend to inflict pain or cause bodily harm. In fact, they are upset by the resulting damage to the skin, hair, or nails, and make repeated efforts to decrease or stop the behavior.   Treatment of Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder Evidence-based treatment  for BFRBs, as evidenced by the study of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder, includes a specific cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), habit reversal training (HRT). HRT  includes awareness training (i.e., self-monitoring), the identification of behavior triggers, stimulus control (modifying the environment to decrease the  likelihood of picking behavior), and competing response training (identifying a substitution behavior that is incompatible with skin picking). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)  and  Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)  skills training have also been shown to be effective as adjunctive strategies to HRT. How Habit Reversal Training Works

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS - 1375 Words

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS (Term Paper Sample) Content: Topic Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name Professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name Course title Date 1) Health Management Associates (NYSE: HMA) is a for-profit corporation which operates hospitals in the Southern United States, with headquarters in Florida. The organization offers a wide range of services including capital, people and subject matter expertise to hospitals as well as investing capital to renewal of hospitals. HMA offers its services to 71 hospitals across 15 states in the US. From the financial statement analysis of the organization for the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, the following information was obtained. Period ended 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total Revenue($ millions) 4536.11 4467.41 5087.6 5878.24 Gross Profit($ millions) 3898.44 3763.99 4311 4974.47 Operating income ($ millions) 457.2 286.82 312.4 301.48 Net income($ millions) 138.18 150.07 178.71 164.27 Total assets($ millions) 4604.1 4910.09 6004.19 6400.79 Total liabilities ($ millions) 4248.92 4389.19 5235.05 5396.87 Total equity($ millions) 355.18 520.89 769.14 1003.92 It can be seen that the total revenue, Gross profit, Net income and total equity for the organization have been improving over the four years. Over the four years, the following can deduced from the financial statements of the organization Gross margin=84.33% Operating margin=4.43% Net profit margin=0.04% Return on investment=0.05% Quick ratio=1.45 Current ratio=1.72 From the above information, it can be concluded that Health Management Associates has a healthy financial performance. This means that the organization is both profitable and financially stable. From the gross profit trend over the four years, there has been a subsequent increase hence the organization is projected to make higher profits in the future. (HEALTH MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATES, INC.; Reportal, 2013). Financial statement of a company helps in understanding the performance of a company in the past hence helping in prediction of future performance. Financial statement analysis includes review and analysis of all the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accounting reports to understand its past, present and projected future performance. This enables in sound decision making. One key insight about the financial health of a company is the trend of different key items in the financial statement. Observing trend lines for revenues, cash, account receivables, gross margin, debt and net profits over a past period of time gives a clear picture of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health. The health of the company can receive different reactions from various stake holders. Employees are able to know the stability and profitability of the company hence they can weigh job security and possibility of pay rise. Investors are able to decide on what to do with their investments. Based on the financia l statement analysis, they can decide to sell their stock or buy more. Shareholders are able to determine the profitability of the business from financial statement analysis and this helps them in decision making. (Financial reporting, financial statement analysis, and valuation: Stickney, Brown Wahlen, 2007). 2) The health care industry is facing a healthcare stakeholder consolidation due to revenue pressure. As operating margins are continuously narrowing, healthcare organizations are faced with revenue constrains. To counter this, these organizations are participating in mergers and hospital acquisitions with a view of spreading the financial risks across the merger as well as sharing reduction of operation costs. This trend has had an impact to many healthcare organizations including Health Management Associates. It has led the consolidation of healthcare stakeholders. Healthcare systems are coming together and demanding bigger price increases. However, insurers are not willing to increase their premium but instead they are excluding most expensive practitioners and hospitals from their network. This leads to narrower networks but on the hand it is creating out-of-network bills for...

Water The Epic Struggle For Wealth, Power And Civilization

Water: the Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power and Civilization â€Å"Water has always been man’s most indispensable natural resource† (Solomon 3). Despite its substantial nature, water has frequently been misallocated, mismanaged, misused and undervalued by a great number of societies in the civilized world. In accordance with Solomon, the civilization has reached a global crisis point in terms of both quality of water and its quantity. Both in water-poor and water-rich communities, people are now directly positioned in water scarcity age. Although, the book â€Å"Water: the Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power and Civilization† ensures a timely warning for modern societies that all would receive benefit from a less careless water treatment, but the author argues that â€Å"while the risk of water war in this most thirsty and politically combustible of regions is high, it is not inevitable. The existential threat posed by water scarcity is so palpable that it generates opposing cooperative instincts for mutual survival as well† (Solomon 412), but it is hard to agree with the position of the author on this question, as it is well-known fact that the Middle East area is an extremely conflict war zone, where water may become one of the apples of discord and initiate a new war. Solomon’s overall and comprehensive thesis is that, during the entire history, in the countries, where water resources have been increased and became most manageable, potable and navigable, the societies have normally beenShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact greek and roman culture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient world’s greatestRead MoreEnvironmental Concerns And Its Effects On Our Future Generations1545 Words   |  7 PagesWater America is known for many great things, however it is also the butt of many jokes regarding our â€Å"bigger is better† lifestyle and our need for more. Now though, I realize the seriousness of these jokes come from the truth of our wasteful ways of living and our over use of nonrenewable resources. Ironically then how now we have gone so far that we are literally eating up one of earth s most valuable renewable resources: water. We Americans use more water than another country, including ChinaRead MoreImmorality In Gilgamesh2049 Words   |  9 Pageswas created. The people of Uruk was saying that Gilgamesh was not a good person. He is very arrogant to the people. According to the book â€Å"The Gilgamesh of the epic is an awe-inspiring, sparkling hero, but at first also the epitome of a bad ruler: arrogant, oppressive, and brutal† (34). Enkidu was formed by the goddess Aruru out of water and clay for Gilgamesh, as an equalizing weight or force. Gilgamesh is the king of Uruk. Enkidu had a dream of the gods. Since Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed the BullRead MoreThe Epic Scale Of The Poem Beowulf 2968 Words   |  12 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon story of Beowulf, as it appears in the version written by an unknown author in the early Middle Ages, is unique as a rare surviving example of epic poetry in the English tradition. In this paper, I will show the qualities that make Beowulf an epic, and I will explain the significance of the epic scale of the poem by looking at the battles that take place in the story. The three great beasts that Beowulf has to defeat represent the fears of the Danes about the uncontrollable violenceRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost2283 Words   |  10 Pagesstorytelling has been a tradition of humanity since time immemorial, and has been the only way of passing culture on to future generations for millennia. From this tradition, the Epic arose, tales of mighty heroes, gods, and monsters, told in the form of poems to convey id eals, beliefs, and traditions. Hundreds of Epics have been written, and among them, many stand out, especially Virgil’s The Aeneid, Beowulf, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost, as they prove to be impactful and useful in the analysisRead MoreGreek Mythology: Influences and Effect to Greek Civilization5325 Words   |  22 Pagesbeen known to be one of the footprints left by the civilization of ancient Greece to our history and these mythology somehow shed a light to the culture, life style, religion and history of ancient Greece since the mythology were the primary basis of the origin of the ancient Greeks and they believed that these mythologies explained the origin of why things turned out to be like that. The Mediterranean served as a basin for the early civilizations. The rich history of the Mediterranean led the worldRead MoreEssay about What is World History?4758 Words   |  20 Pagesmastery of their environment, vastly increased their material wealth, and produced the globalized economy and civilization of the 21st Century. The chief ideological underpinnings of Gray global history are Enlightenment faith in reason and science and liberal political economy. Elsewhere I have dubbed this world-view technoliberalism.[4] As of the year 2001, this is the reigning ideology throughout the so-called developed world, and its power in the so-called less developed world should never be underestimatedRead MoreParadise Lost Analysis1996 Words   |  8 Pagestime of its production, describe the artist’s use of technology, technique, materials, and subject and discuss the artist’s lasting contribution. Why is this book of interest and worthy of study? Paradise Lost is considered to be one of the greatest epic poems in the English language and since it was written 350 years ago, it has continued to be of great influence in literature and culture today with its continuing study being a testament to its immortality. According to John Dryden’s appraisal ofRead More Hinduism Essay3998 Words   |  16 Pageson finding acquiring knowledge thought means of science and though the use of yoga, Hinduism is all about finding one’s self-realization. The classical theory of the beginnings of Hinduism traces the religions roots to the Indus valley civilization circa 4000 to 2200 BC. The development of Hinduism was influenced by many invasions over thousands of years. The major influences occurred when light-skinned; nomadic Aryan Indo-European tribes invaded Northern India (circa 1500 BCE) from theRead MoreEssay on A Horse and Two Goats: Detailed Summary7459 Words   |  30 PagesNarayan, to attract international attention. Finally, he was able to quit his newspaper job and become a full-time fiction writer. His fourth novel, The English Teacher (1945), features a character patterned after Rajam and describes Narayan’s own struggles to deal with her death. All of his fiction, most of which takes place in the fictional town of Malgudi and all of which is in English, gives a realistic portrayal of middle-class life in India, with its caste system and long-standing traditions,

World War II The World s Second Great War - 960 Words

World War II-- also known as The Holocaust / The Genocide -- was the world s second Great War . World War II was much more larger in scale and more longer in duration. World War I had only lasted for four years, while World War II had lasted for six years. I find it quite interesting that contrary to popular belief; the United States did not enter World War II until 2 years after the genesis of the conflict. It was only in 1941, when the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor that the United States had entered the war. World War II started in 1939 due to Germany performing an unprovoked attack on Poland. Surprisingly, only a few months later after Germany invaded Poland; the whole European continent was at war. In 1939, the United States was not ready to go to war. In the early 20th century, the United States Army only ranked 39th in the world. Many Americans believed that the United States could not handle another global conflict right after the Great Depression. Although the United Stat es was not officially part of the war at that time, that did not stop the United States from becoming unofficially involved. When the United States did enter the war in 1941, the Germans had already had 5 years of combat experience in Europe. Millions of Americans served in the front, but only a few ever really saw serious combat. The branches that had suffered the most casualties were the Army and the Marines. Many of these troops were well-trained, but even their training did notShow MoreRelatedThe Reasons For The Outbreak Of The Second World War1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe reasons for The Outbreak of The Second World War World War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion ofRead MoreWorld War II Was The Second Greatest War Of The Twentieth Century860 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion of the Japanese and fascism. Another reason for the outbreakRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthe different levels of the educational system most everyone has talked about the Second World War in great detail. The European and Pacific Theaters were the main focus of many historians and their writing, because war pertained to the audience of the time. WWII revolved around the idea of freedom and liberating the fascist governments of Europe, the homefront back in the states was the war machine that kept the war churning. Millions of pages have been written about the experiences and battles duringRead Moreâ€Å"The Big Three†. When Great Britain Elected Winston S.1037 Words   |  5 PagesBig Three† When Great Britain elected Winston S. Churchill to be prime minister of Great Britain, he announced, â€Å"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.† Certain great leaders in World War II were elected in times of crisis. However, all of them decided to fight back against it. Many of these leaders devoted their lives fighting for their country. They fought back against the Axis leaders (Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Emperor Hirohito) who wanted the world to be perfect fromRead MoreWorld War II : A Brutal And Long War1088 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II happened during the time that women wanted more rights and wanted to be able to work. So when World War II happened, it created new job opportunities and women were able and willing to work. The war was fought between two alliances that was against each other, â€Å"the opposing alliances are now referred to as ‘The Axis’ and ‘The Allies’. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies group consisted of France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. World WarRead MoreSharie Johnson . Deindustrialization In Ohio . Deindustrialization901 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected the United States after the second world war. Impacts of this can particularly be seen in Ohio. During World War II, Ohio experienced significant industrial development and population growth. The state’s diversified industrial base and geographical proximity to transportation routes and other population centers which made it well suited for wartime production needs. The industrial development and consequential economic prosperity generated during World War II shaped Ohio’s economic, culturalRead MoreCanada And The Cold War1514 Words   |  7 Pages Canada and the Cold War The Cold War is a time of managed political and military coercion and turmoil between the superpowers. It was a war that actually wasn t your common war. There were numerous military aircraft flying over the nations dropping bombs, no tanks no ground troops, no really organization of rockets, and no ground troops. Then again, there were a stockpile of atomic weapons, cash was being spent like a really war was being battled, purposeful publicity, there were two superpowerRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War791 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great War, also called World War I, was in 1914-1918. Proceeding the war, conditions and angst between European countries and their allies lead to causes of the Second World War. In the 20th century, there was political tension between European countries; colonialism and Imperialism was on almost every government’s agenda. Once â€Å"a Serbian nationalist assassinated†¦Archduke Franz Ferdinand,† European countries spiraled into war (Strayer 983). Each side drew support from different countries likeRead MoreMusic And The Second World War1666 Words   |  7 Pages Music and the Second World War Adam Griffin South Piedmont Community College Music Appreciation 110 – Mr. Campbell â€Å"In World War II, jazz absolutely was the music of freedom, and then in the Cold War, behind the Iron Curtain, same thing. It was all underground, but they needed the food of freedom that jazz offered† – Herbie Hancock. Looking back into history, you could create a timeline of events with nothing but song titles. Music was not just music, it was a lifestyle. Every majorRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War915 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I, also known as the Great War, was one of the most important and traumatic war in history. It left many countries in devastation and chaos. Countries involved in the war, like Europe and America promised to prevent any other future world war because of the millions lives taken and the destruction caused to the world in the previous war. However, peace was not enjoyed for long and after two decades, the Second World War began from the issues that were left unresolved from the previous conflict

Should Abortion Be Legalized - 869 Words

Abortion has become a common argument topic in America; numerous individuals consider themselves pro-life and others pro-choice. Those who consider themselves pro-life oppose abortion, while those who are pro-choice advocate for abortion to be legalized. I believe that abortion should be illegal and that life should be recognized upon conception. Almost all abortions occur during the first trimester when the fetus cannot live outside of the mother’s body. People who are pro-choice believe that â€Å"at birth, a baby is a human life. At conception, it s something, perhaps, but it s not really a human life (McDowell).† In other words when the baby has a heart beat it is not a human life. Or when the baby is kicking inside the mother’s womb it is not a human life. The child is not a human life until it is outside of the mother’s body. In the case of rape or incest, forcing a woman made pregnant by this violent act would possibly cause further psychological h arm to the victim (Lowen). More often than not the woman who was sexually assaulted is too afraid to speak up against her attacker. People who are pro-choice support the advocating and legalizing of abortion. Those who are pro-choice believe that the woman should have the choice in whether or not their child should live. I understand in some cases like rape the woman might want to abort the child and in some peoples eyes they would have all the right in the world to. In the case of rape the woman might not know she isShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legalized?1357 Words   |  6 Pagessaid Margaret Sanger (Quotes About Abortion). An abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. 69% of women that have abortions are economically disadvantaged (The Demographics Of Abortion: It s Not What You Think). This is one of the reasons abortions should stay legalized, over half of the women would have been struggling to take care of their child without it. Abortion was legalized on January 27, 1973 in a 7-2 decisionRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter, whom the president should be or who or if at all, we should be at war with; no one can unanimously agree on any topic in this country. This is no different then with the current hot topic of abortion. Abortion, although legal in this country, is still treated and viewed as taboo because of a dominantly Christian-American society. Some Christians make it seem that if you are pro-choice then you are pro-murder. However this is not the case. I will explain what abortion really is and why it isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1172 Words   |  5 Pages Although some believe abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? Pro-Life advocates believe as horrible as abortion is, the baby is still innocent of any crime. Nobody should be killed for the crime of another person. While Pro-Choice advocates believe if a woman is pregnant by rape, compassion demands that she be allowed to abort. On the other hand, the pro-life vs pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that theRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is killing over 1.4 million unborn children in a year (â€Å"They’re Not†). For example, there was the case where a doctor got arrested for killing seven babies and a patient. The clinic he had was described as the house of horror by detectives because doctor Gosnell kept baby parts on a shelf in his clinic. In addition, it was said that he â€Å"forced the live birth of viable babies in the sixth, sevent h, and eighth-month pregnancy and then killed those babies by cutting into the back of the neckRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1200 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is a very hot topic that has been repeatedly contended over for the past few years. The argument is should abortion be legalized or not? First before we get into the many sides of abortion we must to know what is abortion. Abortion means ending a pregnancy before the fetus can live independently outside the world. If abortion happens unplanned before 24 weeks of pregnancy. It is called a miscarriage. Abortion is caused design to order to end the pregnancy (Brown, 2013). This can be completeRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1680 Words   |  7 Pagesrights. A hot topic that is one of the most refuted in today’s society is abortion. One may not see abortion to be acceptable, although, does it make it right to take away that right from someone else? It has taken women a lot of fight and willpower to gain ri ghts to their own bodies, illegalizing abortion would take that right away. Therefore, the question is, should abortion continue to be legalized? First and foremost, abortion can be seen as a way of having full control over one’s personal body.Read MoreAbortion Should Be Legalized Or Not?1902 Words   |  8 PagesDecember 2014 Abortion should be legalized or not? Abortion in itself is a very controversial topic and different people has different views on it some says it should be legalized while others in the other hand says legalization of abortion can create a lot of problems. Abortion is the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. According to WHO, abortion is the pregnancy termination prior to 20 weeks gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500 grams. Abortion may be self-induced;Read MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst women having an abortion, no matter what situation they are in, the point of women having their own rights should include whether they choose to have their own kid or not. The United States today is very divided on the whole abortion issue, typically republicans are against it calling theirselves â€Å"pro-lfe† and democrats are typically for abortion and they call theirselves â€Å"pro-choice.† Abortion had been practiced in the United States ever since 1880, but it wasn t legalized nationwide untilRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1799 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion across America Teenage pregnancy has become a norm in America. Sex education is gradually losing significance among the youth. Despite the wide range of contraceptives, many young women are continually getting pregnant. Additionally, the number of young boys and girls ruining their lives at an early stage as a result of quick moments of pleasure is alarming. Moreover, the advancement in technology is an increasingly contributing factor to the high rates of teenage pregnancy (GarfieldRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized1237 Words   |  5 PagesMany women in the world consider doing abortion, and this has been huge on-going controversial issues for a long time. The women in country X want to abort because they do not want their daughters to live restricted just like them, but it cannot be justified. Abortion should not be legalized because the woman’s body is not her own property that she has no right to control over the fetus, and it kills the innocent. According to Judith Thomson, abortion is permissible because women â€Å"are granting

Essay about Oedipus the King and Aristotle - 629 Words

In Poetics by Aristotle, the author talks about what he feels are the conventions of any successful tragic play. With that in mind perhaps the greatest tragedy from his time period if not ever is Oedipus the King by Sophocles. It fits almost perfectly the majority of the criteria Aristotle sets and so has been considered by some scholars as the perfect tragedy. The main criteria set by Aristotle involves the plot and the plays main character. According to Aristotle, for a tragedy to be both successful and effective there must be a reversal, a change from one state of affairs to its exact opposite, and there must be recognition, a change from ignorance to knowledge on the part of the main character. The plot should not be†¦show more content†¦Recognition on the part of Oedipus also takes place in the play, because the transition that Aristotle talks about clearly occurs. Oedipus goes from ignorance to knowledge and he himself realizes it at the end. However this growth comes at a price as Oedipus loses his wife, mother and his sight (ironically gaining insight in the process) again this adds to the complexity of the play and thus in tandem with reversal proves Aristotles point that a good tragedy contain these elements. As mentioned earlier the main character according to Aristotle must fall from grace, however not because of some vice or depravity, but falls because of some mistake. Again Oedipus fits this criterion perfectly, although he is powerless against his fate, there are some mistakes he does make that might not necessarily have affected the fate predicted by the oracles, but just might have made its blow a lot less harsh. For example his hubris makes him angry and thus blind to the warnings given to him by Tiresias, the priest. He reminds everyone how he stopped the Sphinx! With no help from the birds, the flight of [his] own intelligence hit the mark. Such arrogance in his ownShow MoreRelatedOedipus the King and Things Fall Apart - Tragedies as Defined by Aristotle1512 Words   |  7 PagesOedipus and Things Fall Aparttragedies as defined by Aristotle Almost 2500 years ago Aristotle defined a tragic plot as one containing six essential elements. The first is a hero (sympatheia) who is noble by birth or has risen to a place of power. The hero should also be of good character. Aristotle stated in The Poetics, â€Å"This is the sort of man who is not pre-eminently virtuous and just, and yet it is through no badness or villainy of his own that he falls into the fortune, but rather throughRead MoreOedipus As A Tragic Hero1094 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus struggles to accept the truth and lets his temper over power him. He can be displayed as a tragic hero. His refusal to accept the truth led to Oedipus’ down fall. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, â€Å"is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.† Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus unknowingly has cursed the entire town of Thebes. He was cursedRead MoreOedipus The King, A Tragic Hero Story Of Fate1495 Words   |  6 Pages OEDIPUS THE KING, A TRAGIC HERO STORY OF FATE Pamela A. Long L26269572 ENGL 102 Professor Givens March 2, 2015 Turabian Sophocles is one of the great ancient Greek tragedians in the history of drama. In the play â€Å"Oedipus the King,† Oedipus is an excellent example of fate happening to a tragic hero. In addition, this play has all the elements of tragedy; human weakness, powerless, suffering, and one not having control of his own destiny. As a result, â€Å"Oedipus the King† is theRead MoreWhat Is Oedipus The King As A Tragedy1430 Words   |  6 PagesWhile reading the plot of Oedipus the King and learning of Oedipus causing the death of both of his parents, you would consider that a pretty tragic event. But, if you ask Aristotle he may not fully agree with you. In Poetics, Aristotle goes into detail on what creates a true tragedy and what does not. In many ways, the work of literature, Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles is a good tragedy, but there are just a few things that limit it from being a complete tragic work. The two most importantRead MoreOedipus Rex and Aristotle Essay example894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Six Elements of a Tragedy in â€Å"Oedipus Rex† Aristotle’s â€Å"The Poetics† describes the process of a tragedy. It is not the guide per se of writing a tragedy but is the idea’s Aristotle collected while studying tragedies. A tragedy, according to Aristotle, consists of six major points. The first and most important is the plot, which is what all the other points are based on. Such points are: character, language, thought, melody, and spectacle (Aristotle). A prime example of the usage of theseRead MoreOedipus And Aristotle s Definition Of A Tragic Hero1466 Words   |  6 Pagesand Thesis Statement Prompt 1: Write an essay explaining how Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies or refutes Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. Thesis Statement: Oedipus is the personification of Aristotle’s characterization of a tragic hero through his ability to maintain and keep his virtue and wisdom, despite his shortcomings and situation in life. Introduction I. Tragic Hero A. Definition of a tragic hero B. Oedipus’ Character II. Tragedy A. Language of Tragedy B. Tragedy and its affectsRead MoreOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words   |  4 PagesSophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebes’s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discovers that it is he who corrupts the city. In order to illustrate Oedipus as the perfectRead MoreOedipus the King: A Greek Tragic Hero Essay516 Words   |  3 Pages The philosopher Aristotle was a highly intellectual man who loved to reason. One of his ideas was his structured analysis of the â€Å"tragic hero† of Greek drama. In his work, Poetics, he defines a tragic hero as â€Å"...The man who on the one hand is not pre-eminent in virtue and justice, and yet on the other hand does not fall into misfortune through vice or depravity, but falls because of some mistake; one among the number of the highly renowned and prosperous.† Aristotle’s definition of a tragic heroRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic heroRead MoreOedipus The King : A Classical Tragedy1272 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ Oedipus the King is a classical tragedy that derives its meaning through the experiences of its tragic hero, Oedipus. Throughout the play, the eminent characteristic of Oedipus is his ignorance of the truth that inevitably leads to his downfall. This ignorance of truth is a characteristic found within the Aristotelian definition of a tragedy. Tragedy, as defined by Aristotle in his Poetics, are imitations of actions and are not narrative. Thi s means that tragedies are often demonstrated

Child Abuse The Hidden Tragedy Free Essays

Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a child’s safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. In 1996, three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Also that same year some twelve hundred children died from abuse across the country. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse must be equipped on many levels before it can be successful. Prevention, on the social level is very important and could possibly save a life. According the American Humane Association prevention should include widening the financial self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other ways of violence. Making health care more available and affordable, increasing and developing coordination of social services, evolving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development. In the case of child abuse, primary prevention is defined as any intervention designed for the purpose of preventing child abuse before it occurs. In 1993, three million children in the United States were reported to have been abused. Thirty-five percent of these cases of child abuse were confirmed. Data from various reporting sources indicates that improved reporting could lead to a significant increase in the number of cases of child abuse verified by child protection agencies. The lack of verification does not indicate that abuse did not occur, only that it could not be verified. The facts are that each year 160,000 children suffer severe or life-threatening injury and 1,000 to 2,000 children die as a result of abuse. Of these deaths, 80 percent involve children younger than five years of age, and 40 percent involve children younger than one year of age. One out of every 20-murder victim is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from one to four years of age and the third leading cause of death in children from five to fourteen years of age. Deaths from abuse are under reported and some deaths classified as the result of accident and sudden infant death syndrome might be reclassified as the result of child abuse if comprehensive investigations were more routinely done. Most child abuse takes place in the home and is started by persons are know to and trusted by the child. Even though it has been widely publicized, abuse in day-care and foster-care setting accounts for only a small number of confirmed cases of child abuse. In 1996, only two percent of all confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in these settings. Child abuses if fifteen times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban areas. Following are the types of abuse and the percentages of the different types. Not only do children suffer from the physical and mental cruelty of child abuse; they endure many long-term consequences, including delays in reaching developmental milestones, refusal to attend school and separation anxiety disorders. Further; consequences include an increased likelihood of future narcotic abuse, combative behavior, high-risk health behaviors, illegal activity, personality disorders. Investigations have shown that a affectionate, loving, tender and caring enjoyable environments during the first three years of a child’s life is significant for correct intellectual growth. There have been some recent changes in regards to the causes of child abuse. The results of investigation originated by the National Research Council’s Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect showed the first important step away from the simple cause and effect patterns. The panel established that the simple reason and effect patterns have certain limitations, mostly related to their narrow focus on the parents. They stated that in some families that there is cycles of abuse that is started and is carried over generations. These patterns are limited by asking only about the isolated set of personal characteristics that might cause parents to abuse their children. The panel attempted to examine the roots of child abuse, in order to find effective ways in preventing it. The panel developed an ecological model; this model considers the origin of all forms of child abuse to be a structured process This ecological model views child abuse within a system of danger and preventive factors correlating across four different levels: (1) the person, (2) the family, (3) the neighborhood and (4) the community. Certain factors are more closely linked with some forms of abuse than others are. Many people have argued that our society does not really value its children. This argument can be highlighted by the fact that one in four children in the United States lives in poverty and many children do not have any form of health insurance. The presence of high levels of violence in our society is also thought to contribute to child abuse. Poverty, is the most repeatedly and persistently noted risk factor for child abuse in the American society. Physical abuse and neglect are more prevalent amid the people who are the poorest. Whether or not the pressure of poverty-related conditions brings this on. Or as a result from greater observation by public agencies, resulting in over reporting is debated. Other conditions include unreachable and unaffordable health care, broken social services and lack of help from extended families and communities. Parents who were abused, as children are more likely than other parents to abuse their own children are. Lack of parenting skills, impractical expectations about a child’s abilities, unawareness of ways to handle a child’s behavior and of typical child development, will contribute to child abuse. It is believed that forty percent of established cases of child abuse are related to substance abuse. Other factors that increase the risk of child abuse include emotional immaturity of the parents. Which is often largely applied to age, as in the case of teenage parents. Without proper support with their child they might with struggle poor coping skills, which is often related to age but also occurring in older parents. Also they might have a poor self-esteem; also other psychological problems experienced by the young parents. A common factor is that single parenthood along with many burdens and hardships of parenting that must be handled alone, if there is no help of a partner. In many cultures social isolation of the teenage parents from family and friends that can result in the lack of support. The United States Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect has called for a universal system of early intervention. That would be grounded in the creation of caring communities that could contribute an effective base for facing the child abuse crisis. The panel stated that the successful tactics for preventing child abuse require intervention at all levels of society. The panel was unable to agree of the final plans concerning which programs or services should be offered to prevent child abuse. This is because research on the prevention of child abuse is limited by the complexity of the problem. A broad range of programs has been developed and implemented by public and private agencies at many levels, little evidence supports the effectiveness of these programs. Principal prevention strategies are based on the risk factors that have a low value Which are not as likely to be effective as more broadly based social programs. Also, programs focused on a society level rather than on the individual level prevent the stigmatization of a group or an individual. Society strategies for preventing child abuse that are proposed but unproven include increasing the value society places on children. Enlarging the economic self-sufficiency of families, enhancing communities and their resources, discouraging excessive use of corporal punishment and other forms of violence. Making health care more accessible and affordable. Increasing and improving treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. Developing the identification and treatment of mental health problems, increasing the availability of affordable child care and preventing the births of unwanted children through sex education, family planning, abortion, anonymous delivery and adoption. It is important to create opportunities for parents to feel entitled to act on their own behalf. Honor the wholeness of the family. Strengthen parents’ ability to cultivate the faith in there development of their children and themselves. Create links with community support systems, a network of churches and other organizations. Provide a setting where parents and children can gather, interact, support, and learn from each other. Strengthen community awareness of the importance of healthy parenting practices. In the United States specific methods of delivering services to families include home visitations, early postpartum contact, intensive community leaders contact, parent training and free health care clinics. It is important that help be made possible to those parents that have been identified as people with drug problems. It is critical in treating parents who abuse alcohol or drugs. Also it is important to identify and counsel parents who suffer from spousal abuse. Identifying and dealing with parents with mental health problems is also important. Yet these might not always be the soul issues for abuse; other topics need attention include economic, job-related. Providing a sensitive ear also being a resource of referrals. That can help with these issues may take community leaders a giant step towards assisting a needy parent. Also other areas that can be addressed is the need for assistance in education about time management and budgeting skills, stress management, coping and parenting skills such as appropriate discipline. According to the American Humane Society: only home visitation has been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of child abuse. Home visitations are now being widely embraced the concept of home visitation as a method of preventing child abuse by identifying family needs and providing the appropriate services. Also home visitation has the benefits of improving parents’ feelings toward their children and the interactions between parents and children. The success of home visitation depends of the support of health care, social services and childcare. Some of the reasons for child abuse center on the needs of the parents. To prevent child abuse, it is important to first help and support the parents. Parents who have multiple emotional, medical, financial and social needs find it difficult to meet the needs of their children. It is critical that community leaders develop an understanding attitude toward parents to help the children. Prevention of child abuse and negligence can be achieved using tactics pointed at helping parents protect and nurture their children. Community leaders could establish group-parenting classes to discuss issues such as: safety issues, nutrition and feeding concerns, discipline and normal child development. Classes should be divided into two groups: one for the parents of infants and one for the parents of toddlers, since these two groups will require a different focus. Providing childcare during these classes may be necessary to ensure attendance It is also important to try to give very specific and concrete suggestions to parents instead of talking in broad generalities. Community leaders could suggest that parents use an egg timer to help children anticipate and be more compliant with bedtime or use time-out as an alternative to spanking a child for bad behavior. Parents should be reminded of and taught to distinguish between childish behavior and willful disobedience. To discipline only those actions that are in the child’s control according to the child age and development. In conclusion, many things need to happen at international, national, state and community levels to prevent child abuse. Studies have shown that countries with the most generous social services have the lowest rate of child homicide. People should lobby for greater availability of drug and alcohol treatment programs, more shelters for the homeless, more accessible mental health care and more shelters for abused women and children. These programs and those that provide parenting skills, support groups and respite care for parents and care givers should be available in every community. Child abuse is a complex problem with many causes, it is important that people not take a defeatist attitude toward its prevention. Despite the absence of strong evidence to guide preventive efforts, society can do things to try to prevent abuse. Showing increased concern for the parents or care givers and increasing attempts to enhance their skills as parents or care givers may help save the most vulnerable people, our children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect. How to cite Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy, Essay examples

Cutting The City Essay Research Paper New free essay sample

Cuting The City Essay, Research Paper New York City is overpopulated, and the population needs to be cut in half. The first system proposed is called Operation Actually Thought About. Some of the most of import Fieldss of employment will have a interruption in this program. Teachers, physicians, attorneies, and politicians will merely hold their Numberss cut by one-third. One-third may non look like much of a interruption, but half of the population has to be cut. Citizens in the immediate households of these of import employees will besides be allowed to remain in New York City. Besides the more of import Fieldss of employment antecedently mentioned, every other field of employment must extinguish half of their staff. Keeping some of the older employees from each field for experience, and maintaining some of the younger employees from each field for the hereafter will be put into position. Largely middle-aged employees will hold to go forth the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Cutting The City Essay Research Paper New or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Half of all college pupils will besides be cut from the metropolis. All inmates and citizens with outstanding condemnable records must go forth the metropolis with their immediate households. Extra money will be put into checking down on illegal immigrants to assist cut down herding in the metropolis. New York City is known for it? s many civilizations. To maintain the metropolis rich in civilization, the program will establish some of it? s determinations on citizen? s races and civilizations. For illustration, if there is a field of employment dominated by one race, employees from this dominant race will be cut before employees of other races in the field are cut. p.2 R / gt ; The 2nd system proposed is called Operation Easy Way Out. The program is really simple. Cut the metropolis? s population into two. The first half will be families on the wealthier half of the population, and the 2nd half will be families on the poorer half of the population. This program may sound good in theory, but in New York City it would backlash. The citizens who run the large companies would be in the metropolis to maintain doing the net incomes for the metropolis, but there would be cipher in the metropolis to maintain the smaller concerns running. Most of the little vesture shops, eating houses, and tourer stores would be closed down. Public transit and security would hold about no employees left. All the little inside informations that make New York City would be cut out. Operation Actually Thought About brings the little inside informations into history. Operation Actually Thought About supports a steady balance in New York City. There is a struggle in Operation Actually Thought About. Citizens of the more of import Fieldss of employment may hold felons in their immediate household. In this instance, the of import employee will be allowed to remain, but the condemnable must go forth. If the of import employee decides to go forth to be with his or her household, the following employee on the list is allowed to remain. Other jobs may happen unexpected during the procedure of cutting the population in half. To work out these jobs easier, Operation Actually Thought About may hold amendments added to it. If a struggle occurs, and there is an easy solution, the program can merely be amended. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Tremont, Ohio Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Tremont, Ohio A history of Tremont symbolizes the typical urban American neighborhood with its mish-mash of cultures. It offers eclectic sites and adaptive locations for filmmaking. I will look at the history of Tremont as a cultural center of the Midwest before the filming of The Deer Hunter (Figure 3). In addition, I will examine the history of Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral and the history of Lemko Hall to illustrate the eclecticism and adaptability that director, Michael Cimino, tapped in his film. Director Michael Cimino's most powerful, and controversial film work The Deer Hunter examines the uniqueness of this area by focusing its setting on Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Church and Lemko Hall. The original developers of Tremont (Figure 4) were Mrs. Thirza Pelton and John Jennings. They planned to develop the Tremont area into the cultural center of the Midwest. Purchasing 275 acres for the development of Cleveland University, incorporated in 1851, was their start. The building on the corner of College and University Avenue would be the first and only building constructed for the University. Part of its campus would be Pelton Park, which was surrounded by streets named after the college like Professor, College, University, Literary, and so on. This conglomerate would make up "University Heights". This venture would end two years later, in 1852, when Mrs. Pelton died along with the loss of her financial support. Tremont still remained and continued to develop into an exclusive area as Pelton and Jennings had intended. "University Heights" continued to progress as an eclectic residential area of Cleveland up until the time of the Civil War. Jennings Avenue, currently ! West Fourteenth Street, was called the Gold Coast of Cleveland. Around the time of this prosperity, the area had become a main stay for the Union Troops. This area became a major participant for the Union in the Civil War. This area was affected by the war, which changed its name "University Heights" into "Lincoln Heights" and Pelton Park to Lincoln Park. The Union Troops had set up the area for their northern operations. The current Ukrainian Labor Temple, which lies on Auborn Avenue and West Eleventh Street, was used as a hospital for the Union Soldiers that were sick or wounded. The troops did their recruiting from Auburn Avenue, and the troops camped at the foot of Professor Street, which overlooks the Cuyahoga River, and also in Lincoln Park. After the civil war, many developers were interested in creating an industry in Tremont. Its access to the Cuyahoga River and its flat surrounding region made it an ideal place for steelworking. This created a need for a work force. Eager Irish and Slavic immigrants came into the area in hopes to make a new home for themselves. Between the nineteen-thirties to the late sixties Tremont become home to a multitude of cultures. The Irish and the Slavic people were followed by Germans, Southern Europeans, Syrians, Greeks, Italians and a few Blacks. The largest group at that time was the Lemkos. Lemkos were originally from Lemkovina, which was situated in the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. Lemkovina, controlled by Austria-Hungry, is still considered to this day the most neglected in cultural progress and the most oppressed of all the Russian peoples. With The Slavs that immigrated into the United States and Canada they not only brought their eastern orthodox religion, but also ! brought their styles of architecture. Before World War 1, 6,000 Slavic immigrants inhabited the Cleveland area. Their heritage and artistry is notable in Tremont's Architecture. The Eastern Orthodox belief of the Slavic people was and is still worshiped at Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral. Saint Theodosius is the oldest Russian Orthodox Church in Cleveland. In September 1974 for its seventy eighth anniversary the church was put on the National Registry of Historical Places. It was coined "one of the most outstanding examples of Russian church architecture in the United States". (Cleveland Press Collection 1974). The architect's, Fredrick C. Baird, design was based on the pastor's, Father Basil S. Lisenkovsky, photographs of the Church of Our Savior Jesus Christ in Moscow. Baird used certain features of the Muscovite Church resulting in Saint Theodosius having 13 distinguishing crosses and

The Life and History of Whitney E. Houston Essay Example

The Life and History of Whitney E. Houston Essay Example The Life and History of Whitney E. Houston Paper The Life and History of Whitney E. Houston Paper THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY Shirley Carter Everest Online| [the good, the bad, and the ugly†¦]| The Good, the Bad and the ugly The lady that was known as â€Å"The Voice† stated (Winfrey, 2009 interview) was someone special above and beyond. People paid hundreds of dollars and waited in line for tickets; some bought her CD’s and soon learned the lyrics to some of her songs was this beautiful diva name Whitney E. Houston. Born and raised in Newark New Jersey (Wikipedia, 2012 para. 2 first line) Whitney was the daughter of the famous Gospel singer Dr. Cissy Houston (Vibe Magazine 2012) and is the cousin to famous song writer Dionne Warwick (VH1 Bio March, 2012). Having a Gospel mother as a singer, Whitney also had a gift that was yet to be discovered she enjoyed singing in the choir at New Hope Baptist Church (Pastor Carter Feb. 18, 2012) her passion was singing and making her mother proud. Whitney loved hearing her mother sing and once her mother saw she was also blessed with the same gift she started teaching her daughter about music. Whitney went with her mother on tour and she also did some back-up singing for other famous artists Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight, Chaka Kahn (Ebony 2012 April article) to name a few. Performing and doing little skits got her discovered and drew a lot of attention to other known singers and managers such as the famous CEO Clive Davis. Clive saw Whitney perform for the first time in the 80s and was blow away that he wanted to sign her to his record label because he knew the two of them would work well together but who would have know she was going to be this big. Once Whitney was able to take off there was no stopping in the early 90s she met famous Ramp;B singer Bobby Brown and in 1992 they had a beautiful daughter and named her Bobbi Kristina (VH1 Bio March 2012). Whitney Houston life changed when she signed her contract with Clive Davis with a voice as powerful as hers, she was performing on late night talk shows doing interviews for VH1 and making commercials as well. Being young and beautiful she still enjoyed life and was also introduced to new things such as Marijuana and Cocaine. In the beginning when she would perform, you could hardly tell there was anything wrong with her. When she performed, she gave her audience what they paid for but before she came out her choice of drugs starting taking a toll on her which gave outsiders looking in something to talk about. Throughout her years of making music and going on tour; When she would perform instead of getting a standing ovation she started getting booed because her performance was not what people paid for. England April 2010 CNN live) After her performance in England everyone knew that her drug use turned into drug abuse which led to questions and interviews. When she was interviewed by (Sawyer 2002 ABC) she talked about several drugs that she and her husband did together everyone remembers that interview because she was high and her voice was hoarse. During her interview she admitted to using cocaine and marijuana then was asked about using Crack Cocaine she stated that â€Å"Crack was Whack† and she made to much money to smoke such a cheap drug (Houston 2002 ABC interview). Everyone started saying that Bobby Brown was the one that introduced her to drugs but no one knew that she partied just as much as he did Being able to act and sing was a gift that everyone wanted a lot of young female artist looked up to her because her voice was so powerful and strong. As the years past by Whitney started getting tired in 2004 she and her family took a trip to Lake Tiberius to cleanse her soul she got baptized. Whitney tried to gain her strength back because she knew she was letting her fans down not only her fans her mother and daughter as well she knew it was time for her to make a comeback and that is what is did but she may have done it a little too late. When Whitney returned to the States, she started on her new journey with just her and Bobbi Kristina. The struggles of life and the drug abuse led to violence from husband Bobby Brown that led to several court dates and nights in jail but through all her abuse she stood by her husband until she was tired of living that way as well. In October 2006 she filed for divorce which did not get finalized until April 2007 and things started to go back to normal she contacted Clive told him she was ready to hit the studio and do what she loved best and was singing. Whitney started working her project which was released Sept. 2009 â€Å"I look to you† and she even got back in the movies with the remake of Sparkle which comes out Aug. 17, 2012 she look so healthy in front of the camera but she only wanted her fans not to worry about her so putting on a smile for them as well as her daughter is what she did. After a while, she was using drugs once again but she did not let that stop her from performing she appeared on the BET Awards in 2010 and she also performed on Xfactor. Oprah did an interview with Whitney in 2010 she talked about her struggles and how her daughter stuck by her every step of the way. During her interview, she stated how she was able to set the devil free and she talked about how happy she was to be singing and giving her fans back the love that some gave to her. Being a celebrity is not an easy life you have your struggles and you are going to hit rock bottom sometimes you can pull yourself out before it is too late other times you can’t and you end up with no career or something worst like death. Everyone talked about Whitney but no one really knew what was going on because we are all on the outside looking in she gave us the basics of what she wanted us to know some stood by her while other talked down on her. Being off and on with drugs and dealing with the struggles throughout her legacy, on February 11th 2012 Whitney Houston passed away at the age of forty eight. I enjoyed her good her bad and the ugly because she was fairly misunderstood. Many of her fans including myself find it difficult at times because she seemed to be doing well. Whitney Houston will always be remembered through her voice, and her beautiful heart. I love her good, bad, and ugly because she was human and I was taught to never judge a book by its cover you have to learn how to read that person and that is what I done throughout my years of following her career. Everyone has a number no one knows when it will be their time and for what it’s worth I will cherish her legacy because I have a heart and now she lives in mine

The Tech That Ignited the Communication Revolution

The Tech That Ignited the Communication Revolution The 19th century saw a revolution in communications systems that brought the world closer together. Innovations like the telegraph allowed information to travel over vast distances in little or no time, while institutions such as the postal system made it easier than ever for people to conduct business and connect with others. Postal System People have been using delivery services to exchange correspondence and share information since at least 2400 B.C. when the ancient Egyptian pharaohs used couriers to spread royal decrees throughout their territory. Evidence indicates similar systems were used in ancient China and Mesopotamia as well.   The United States established its postal system in 1775 before independence had been declared. Benjamin Franklin was appointed the nations first postmaster general. The founding fathers believed so strongly in a postal system that they included provisions for one in the Constitution. Rates were established for the delivery of letters and newspapers based on delivery distance, and postal clerks would note the amount on the envelope. A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill, invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he later was knighted.Hill also created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. In 1840, Great Britain issued its first stamp, the Penny Black, featuring the image of Queen Victoria. The U.S. Postal Service issued its first stamp in 1847. Telegraph The electrical telegraph was invented in 1838 by a Samuel Morse, an educator and inventor who made a hobby of experimenting with electricity. Morse wasnt working in a vacuum; the principal of sending electrical current via wires over long distances had been perfected in the previous decade. But it took Morse, who developed a means of transmitting coded signals in the form of dots and dashes, to make the technology practical.   Morse patented his device in 1840, and three years later Congress granted him $30,000 to build the first telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.  On May 24, 1844, Morse transmitted his famous message, What hath God wrought?, from the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., to the B O Railroad Depot in Baltimore. The growth of the telegraph system piggybacked on the expansion of the nations railway system, with lines often following rail routes and telegraph offices established at train stations large and small across the nation. The telegraph would remain the primary means of long-distance communication until the emergence of the radio and telephone in the early 20th century. Improved Newspaper Presses Newspapers as we know them have been printed regularly in the U.S. since the 1720s when James Franklin (Ben Franklins older brother) began publishing the New England Courant in Massachusetts. But early newspaper had to be printed in manual presses, a time-consuming process that made it difficult to produce more than a few hundred copies. The introduction of the steam-powered printing press in London in 1814 changed that, allowing publishers to print more than 1,000 newspapers per hour. In 1845, the American inventor Richard March Hoe introduced the rotary press, which could print up to 100,000 copies per hour. Coupled with other refinements in printing, the introduction of the telegraph, a sharp drop in the cost of newsprint, and an increase in literacy, newspapers could be found in nearly every town and city in the U.S. by the mid-1800s. Phonograph Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the phonograph, which could both record sound and play it back, in 1877. The device converted sound waves into vibrations that in turn were engraved on a metal (later wax) cylinder using a needle. Edison refined his invention and began marketing it to the public in 1888. But early phonographs were prohibitively expensive, and wax cylinders were both fragile and hard to mass produce. By the turn of the 20th century, the cost of photographs and cylinders had dropped considerably and they became more commonplace in American homes. The disc-shaped record we know today was introduced by Emile Berliner in Europe in 1889 and appeared in the U.S. in 1894. In 1925, the first industry standard for playing speeds was set at 78 revolutions per minute, and the record disc became the dominant format.   Photography The first photographs were produced by Frenchman Louis Daguerre in 1839, using silver-plated metal sheets treated with light-sensitive chemicals to produce an image. The images were incredibly detailed and durable, but the photochemical process was very complicated and time-consuming. By the time of the Civil War, the advent of portable cameras and new chemical processes allowed photographers like Matthew Brady to document the conflict and average Americans to experience the conflict for themselves. In 1883, George Eastman of Rochester, New York, had perfected a means of putting film on a roll, making the process of photography more portable and less expensive. The introduction of his Kodak No. 1 camera in 1888 put cameras in the hands of the masses. It came pre-loaded with film and when users had finished shooting, they sent the camera to Kodak, which processed their prints and sent the camera back, loaded with fresh film. Motion Pictures A number of people contributed innovations that led to the motion picture we know today. One of the first was the British-American photographer Eadweard Muybridge, who used an elaborate system of still cameras and trip wires to create a series of motion studies in the 1870s. George Eastmans innovative celluloid roll film in the 1880s was another crucial step, allowing large quantities of film to be packaged in compact containers.   Using Eastmans film,  Thomas Edison and William Dickinson had invented a means of projecting motion picture film called the Kinetoscope in 1891. But the Kinetoscope could only be viewed by one person at a time. The first motion pictures that could be projected and shown to groups of people were perfected by the French brothers Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨re. In 1895, the brothers demonstrated their Cinematographe with a series of 50-second films that documented everyday activities like workers leaving their factory in Lyon, France. By the 1900s, motion pictures had become a common form of entertainment in vaudeville halls throughout the U.S., and a new industry was born to mass-produce films as a means of entertainment. Sources Alterman, Eric. Out of Print. NewYorker.com. 31 March 2008.Cook, David A., and Sklar, Robert. History of the Motion Picture. Brittanica.com. 10 November 2017.Longley, Robert. About the U.S. Postal Service. ThoughtCo.com. 21 July 2017.McGillem, Clare. Telegraph. Brittanica.com. 7 December 2016.Potter, John, U.S. Postmaster General. The United States Postal Service An American History 1775 – 2006. USPS.com. 2006.History of the Cylinder Phonograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 8 March 2018.

Taylor v. Louisiana Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 52

Taylor v. Louisiana - Case Study Example The State argued that the appellant right for fair a trial was not breached since he does not belong to the excluded faction. Taylor appealed the procedural issues to the Supreme Court of the United States. Â  The appellant argued that 53% of women in Louisiana were eligible to be on the jury. However, the state discriminated women. According to the Sixth Amendment, a jury must represent all a factions in the community such as race, ethnicity, and gender. Thus, the State violated the constitution. It is thus a breach of constitutional right to uphold the verdict of a jury whose composition does not meet the constitutional threshold. Â  The argument of Louisiana State is that the right for fair hearing was not affected since the Appellant did not belong to the class that was discriminated. However, in Smith v. Texas (1940), the Supreme Court ruled that for a jury system of fair and impartial, it must be made of a cross-section of the community. Thus, no verdict is enforceable from the decision of the jury, based on a nullity. Â  Reversed and remanded. The court decision was based on the fact that the constitutional requirement was not met in the selection of the jury. A nullity was found in the manner that Louisiana set up an all-male jury in a community where 53% of the women were fit to sit on the jury. Â  The case is an example of the role of the Supreme Court of the United States in ensuring a fair trial for all suspects. The case presents two scenarios; the requirement for n all inclusive jury, and whether the all-male jury compromised the fairness of the trial.

Obesity and San Diego Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Obesity and San Diego - Term Paper Example Having been an experienced medic in the area, I have observed several cases; and even potential ones; of obesity and therefore there is need for a more inclusive approach in tackling the health condition. The various volunteer works I have been engaged in have further brought to my attention on the consequences of ignoring this issue especially by professionals in the medical field. In addition, my quest for eliminating this problem has been further motivated by the situation currently experienced in my own household. My teenage siblings are at high risk of being obese because of their lifestyle and their consumption habits. This paper focuses on the major contributors of obesity and how to eliminate them in the county of Florida. The various indications as will be discussed below show that this problem is becoming a critical issue in both the county and the whole nation of United States. Policy Plan The healthy people 2010 (2009) indicate that the county’s level of obesity, a t least for those who have reported, is about 15% among teenagers and about 18% among the adults in the county. This shows a very alarming trend that calls for intervention by the leadership of the county and overall, of the state. To draw a further highlight of this problem, it is better to mention that obesity is a major contributor of other life threatening conditions like: asthma, coronary diseases, diabetes, cancer and others according to the county’s health and human services agency. It is because of these findings that there was a decision to contact the local authority in this case, the mayor of San Diego City Council. The date identified for this visit will be the 23rd day of February, 2013. Policy making is very essential for eradication of this problem and therefore the justification of this choice. Since there is difficulty in securing appointment with the mayor, it is important that there are various people mobilized to help capture some attention. Another propos ed way is therefore through mobilization of affected people for a peaceful procession to the mayor’s office in which an appointment will be sought and the date above be pushed. The main policy proposal will be that of ensuring that there are campaigns and sensitization programs in the county to aid in the awareness creation that will help change the lifestyle and eating habits of the local people so that they do not succumb to this great problem. A report by Jeannie et al (2009) indicates that the HOPE project is one of the successful ways the nation has enabled the medics in the country provide necessary assistance and guidance to victims of this condition by establishing a curriculum for the medical professionals like nurses to enable them learn through the internet on ways to tackle this issue. Internet use has been widespread among the teenage population and that is why this project can be used as a guideline in developing a policy to combat this problem in the county. Th e healthy people 2020 (2012) suggest methods of tackling the problem of rising obesity among the teenagers in the country. Most importantly, it envisages the reduction of obesity cases by use of alternative prevention mechanisms of which campaign by professionals, especially the nurses, is one of them. It even goes further by pointing out the need for sufficient information on the causes of overweight among the county’s population. Story et al (2008) propose a combined policy and

Strategies for Organizational Structure

Strategies for Organizational Structure 1.1 Organizational Structure Organizational Structure is the strategic manner by which organizations arrange (or rearrange) themselves (Galbraith, 1973). This is essentially important in determining how organizations plan on utilizing their resources , particularly their human resources. To do so efficiently, certain questions need to have precise answers such as the specific responsibilities of each individual within the organization, to whom exactly they report and most importantly the coordination process that is to be implemented to bring together all these people and processes simultaneously. Bearing in mind that any framework followed needs to be consistent with the organizations main objectives, a formal channel defining the lines of authority from top to bottom (i.e. Hierarchy of Authority) is established which identifies clearly who is responsible for which personnel and/or tasks (Perrow, 1986). Traditionally, the authority of decision-making has been a centralized process (i.e. directed to higher-level management), but with increasing challenges innovation in recent times, many organizations now encourage a decentralized decision making model which gives its members the authority to make decisions without the need to consult their superiors. This has the advantage of producing a real-time response to problems by people who are specialized in that process while at the same time giving employees certain autonomy which creates a sense of job satisfaction and motivation. However this could lead to the undermining of upper management if not tackled properly. There exist 2 primary dimensions to organizational structure: The Vertical Dimension relates to the hierarchy within a company by distinguishing the decision makers and people in charge. Such organizations are considered to have either a tall or a flat structure (See Fig.1 in Appendix A). It includes the Span of Control of these individuals, which refers to the number of people they are responsible for and in effect, those groups who report to a single manager (these differ in quantity based on the nature of the work, skill-sets available, organizational culture, management style and level of Formalization, i.e. documentation of processes, rules and regulations (Noshria, 1991). Due to the high number or levels found in a Tall Structure (can exceed twelve), managers tend to have a Narrow Span of Control; where only 5 or 6 people report to any single supervisor. The converse holds for Flat Structures which have a Wide Span of Control; where up to 10 to 12 people could be reporting to a single manager, depending on the tasks involved. In short, th e taller the structure, the more the Span of Control decreases. The Horizontal Dimension addresses the division and assignment of tasks and functions across various departments within the organization. Such organizations are considered to be either wide or narrow. The structure that an organization adopts for itself is contingent upon a number of considerations like its products and services, the sort of customer base it caters to, the business strategy it employs and the management of different departments processes. The most common organizational types can be classified as follows (Fontaine, 2007): The Functional Structure which is more in line with the Vertical Dimension is perhaps the most common structure in the business world due to its simplicity and ease. By this structure, organizations set up themselves into different departments with similar skill-sets, managed by someone who is an expert in that trade. (See Fig.2 in Appendix A) (Ouchi Dowling, 1974) The Divisional Structure is more concerned with utilizing people with similar abilities across the entire business, wherever the need may be. Thus such a structure lies within the Horizontal Dimension. Such divisions may be based on different product lines, consumer markets and even geographical markets. (See Fig.3 in Appendix A) The Matrix Structure is an incorporation of both Functional and Divisional Structures, although interestingly, it operates like neither. The foundation of this structure is still functional; however different projects would require the pooling of these human resources from the various departments to serve their purpose. The project managers borrow their staff who are then involved in the project from start to finish. This is sometimes a challenge as there is a limited number of staff in each department and each project would have its own specific needs. However it is the most efficient of all organizational structures. (See Fig.4 in Appendix A) (Davis Lawrence, 1977) The Horizontally Linked Structure is a relatively new concept whereby an organization groups its people along the value chain of activities and processes that produce, market, deliver, and service the firms offerings (Spector, 2007). (See Fig.5 in Appendix A) 1.2 Organizational Culture Culture is a complex yet powerful force present in any organization that encompasses its workers values, beliefs, attitudes, behavior and shared assumptions. It is the moral compass that guides individuals in their actions at an unconscious level in all aspects of its internal and external relationships. Organizational Culture can be identified by 4 basic types: (Cameron Quinn, 1999) (See Fig.6 in Appendix A) Collaborative (Clan) Culture: This sort of culture is characterized by its open and friendly environment where people genuinely invest a lot of themselves in the work they do. A family system is at play where managers play parental and/or mentor figures. There is a great deal of focus on group coordination consensus, and the organizations belief is that its greatest assets are its workers. Create (Adhocracy) Culture: Entrepreneur and Innovative skills are highly valued in this culture with focus on individual initiative and freedom. The organization thrives by being market leader by continually introducing new products or services , hence their stress upon risk-taking measures and experimentation as a unifying quality. Long-term strategies focus on growth and acquiring new resources. Control (Hierarchy) Culture: Behavior is governed by a strict set of rules and policies in this setting. Formal structures intend on maintaining dependency and low cost of their product with workers being commended on their performance, efficiency and consistency. Leaders are required to be efficiency-conscious with ultimate goals of security and predictability. Compete (Market) Culture: This culture is perhaps the most cut-throat of all with worker competitiveness and goal oriented. Leaders need to be demanding, active and most importantly productive with the common unifying goal of success. The organization is in a constant battle to increase market share and penetration by providing competitive pricing and holding the position of market leader. Long-term focus is on achieving measurable goals and targets, and building a strong reputation. It is important to understand that no one culture is better than the other. Each culture plays a critical role in an organizations success so long as it is in sync with the organizations goals. Recent studies conducted have shown that even within a single organization, there may exist multiple cultures (sub-cultures) besides the dominating one which once again should not be construed as a negative element. In fact many scholars believe the existence of sub-cultures to be a source of healthy competition and the driving force behind innovation within the industry. The understanding of organizational cultures is equally important for managers and owners not only to be aware of their employees needs but also in designing a workplace that complements such a culture. 1.3 Effects on Business The relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture is one that is not clearly distinguishable. In general, the structure is designed to exist within a particular culture , in effect, aiding the culture to run with the consistency and efficiency that would be the sign of a successful system. Thus, organizational structure is primarily concerned with the setup of the culture. Traditionally, certain cultures have been associated with certain structures and each of these setups have their benefits and disadvantages. Functional Structure + Control Culture: Since centralized decision making is prevalent here, top-management is in control of most aspects of the business. This could be beneficial if the management is highly skilled and there isnt as much competence on the lower levels of the business but could be equally disastrous if such skills are in short supply in management. As a bonus, employees have the opportunity to learn a great deal from their seniors which could help in their career paths to take on decision making positions. Since this setup fosters stability and efficiency, there is better collaboration with similar processes per group while making use of the economies of scale. The biggest disadvantage here is of lack of communication not only between the different levels of the hierarchy but also between the different departments , leading to serious conflicts. This in turn affects each individuals priority on goals which tend to be more department-focused than that of the organizat ion as a whole. Customers are usually also affected by such systems where they are passed on from department to department regarding issues they might have. Divisional Structure + Create Culture: Since the structure is one which brings together different departments and the culture one in which individuals are encouraged to think innovatively, the result is a well-functioning unit with greater opportunities to learn about the different aspects of the business. In addition to better response time to customers issues due to greater accountability, the wider span of control helps in developing managerial and executive skills. The disadvantage here is of a great deal of duplication of tasks because of the different units with all departments in it performing the same function. This also spells out a reduction in specialization as well as a great deal of in-house competition between the different divisions of the business. Matrix Structure + Compete Culture: The efficiency of this model is extremely high due to the continuous utilization of highly skilled personnel from different departments on different projects. Since these sorts of projects depend on a vast amount of technical knowledge, individuals often have the authority to make critical decisions which also exposes others to a great amount of learning potential, even in scopes of fields beyond their own. Also departmental conflict is reduced due to the regular re-shuffling between projects , rather the competition is between different teams. Unfortunately it is because of these same hasty groupings that employees can tend to get frustrated and confused about their new functions and who they now report to. Also a great deal of time is wasted in meetings to decide on the allocation of these valuable human resources. The above examples were just a few of many forms of different structures and cultures combined. It is important to note that for the specific needs of a particular business, some forms of combination of any 2 factors could serve them better than if the same set-up were used elsewhere. Numerous factors need to be taken into consideration before a decision is reached on which option is to be implemented , and it may also require the trial-testing of the different combinations practically before anything conclusive can be said in that regard. 1.4 Individual Behavior The term Organizational Behavior actually relates to the collective dominant behaviors of individuals within an organization. As such positive individual behavior would have the potential to do the following in an organization (See Fig.7 in Appendix A). The factors which distinguish a happy satisfied employee from a disgruntled unmotivated employee are highlighted in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior (McShane Von Glinow, 2008) which identifies 4 elements effecting employee performance; Motivation, Ability, Role Perception and Situational Forces (See Fig.8 in Appendix A) Motivation is the set of internal influences behind an employees voluntary actions. In the workplace Maslows hierarchy of needs describe the fundamentals that serve such actions (Maslow, 1954): Level 1 Physical: the need for air, water, food exercise, rest, freedom from diseases disabilities Level 2 Security: the need for job security, safe working conditions and overall stability Level 3 Social: the need for being loved, a sense of belonging, inclusion and workplace camaraderie Level 4 Esteem: the need for recognition, prestige and promotion Level 5 Self-Actualization: The need for autonomy, development and creativity An employees Ability are the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities that are required to successfully complete a task. This requires proper analysis of a persons core competencies and then matching them with the appropriate job. Role Perceptions refer to the beliefs held about what behavior is required to achieve the end results which include an understanding of what tasks need to be performed, their relative importance and preferred behaviors to accomplish them. Situational Factors encompass the environmental conditionals beyond an individuals short-term control that constrain or facilitate behaviors such as time, people, budget and work facilities. Types of Behavior in Organizations A significantly important aspect influencing organizational behavior is a persons Personality. Personality can be described as a set of feelings and behaviors that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors and that explain a persons behavioral tendencies. Some major forces influencing personality include cultural and hereditary forces, family relationships and social class. These factors along with others, contribute towards the 5 big personality dimensions: Openness to Experience : Sensitive, Flexible Conscientiousness : Careful, Dependable Extroversion : Outgoing, Talkative Agreeableness : Courteous, Caring Neuroticism : Anxious, Hostile The importance of the study of different behavioral patterns is essential in unleashing the potential of any organization by unleashing the potential of all individuals who work therein. The Locus of Control determines the degree towards which individuals believe their behaviors influence what happens to them. Whereas Internals believe in their efforts and abilities Externals believe events are mainly due to external causes. It is the presence of such personalities spread throughout an organization which deems necessary appropriate maneuvers to maintain positive behavior in as many of its employees as possible. In addition to the benefits already discussed brought about by such behavior to organizations, an equally important aspect is that of self-efficacy and motivation. The ability to adapt ones behavior to a given situation is not only an important learning tool but a vital quality to have in your possession in order to cope with the different cultures that now exist within organi zations, while retaining ones unique identity. Furthermore the visualization of reactions to constraints posed to oneself might give them a clearer idea of the reactions of others to the same situation and possible tactics to handle it better. 1.5 Organizational Theory Organizational theories can be broadly classified as follows: Classical Organizational Theory deals with formal organization and its concepts to improve upon management efficiency. i) Taylors Scientific Management Approach (1947): This approach focused on achieving efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification brought about by the planning of work. It also stressed on mutual respect between management workers to increase productivity by implementing measures to reduce physical emotional stress of workers, providing them with appropriate training to develop their capabilities and by eliminating the traditional boss concept. Taylor suggested 4 principles of scientific management for improved productivity: An employees work should be tackled in a scientific methodology, rather than by a rule-of-thumb. Hiring of members should be based on some analysis who are then trained, taught and developed. Management should apply a policy of cooperation rather than conflict with labors to achieve goals. Training of workers be carried out by experts using scientific methods. ii) Webers Bureaucratic Approach (1947): This approach took into consideration the organization as a segment of broader society, but was criticized for its rigidness, impersonality, unfeasible to bigger objectives and lack of initiative to improve status (Hicks and Gullett, 1975). The basis of the approach was on the following principles: Existence of hierarchy system with clear amounts of responsibility and authority defined for each position. Rules and Regulations should govern the behavior of organizations to maintain predictability and stability. Hiring and selection of employees should be impartial. Designations and not people should be delegated responsibility and authority to maintain democracy. iii) Fayols Administrative Theory (1949): This theory relates to the accomplishment of tasks and touches on management principles functions and concepts of line, staff committees. Productivity of technical and managerial work can be improved by dividing and/or specialization of the work. Authority and due responsibility are essential in achieving organizational objectives. Being answerable to and taking orders from a single supervisor would be most efficient in unity of command. All members of the organization should have a common goal to provide them with direction. Organizations interests should be given priority over individual and/or group interests. Measures to retain employees by several methods (e.g. time incentives, bonuses, profit-sharing, etc.) Management should utilize a blended system of both centralized decentralized decision making. Members on the same level of hierarchy should work together to accomplish work (Scalar chain). The organization should try to establish equity, fairness and justice. Employees should be given time to settle into their work and be assured of the security of their jobs. Members should be encouraged to show initiative. Measures to strengthen unity and allegiance should be practiced which would yield better performance. Concept of line and staff holds equally as important in organizations as anywhere else. Members from different departments at same hierarchal level can form committees around common goals. Functions of management include planning, organizing, training, commanding and coordinating functions (Fayol, 1949) as well as staffing, directing, reporting and budgeting (Gulick Urwick, 1937). Neoclassical Theory shed light upon the importance of individual group behavior and good social relations between all hierarchal levels to improve productivity as a result of high-morale brought about by such measures (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943). The neoclassical approach was based on the following principles: All members of an organization should be treated with the respect that a human deserves rather than be classified as a tool and as such requires fulfillment beyond economic and security factors. The approach highlighted informal groups at work within the formal organization and its importance. Workers should be allowed opportunities in decision making processes that would allow for a new and more effective form of management besides increasing productivity. Modern Theories define an organization as a designed and structured process in which individuals interact for objectives (Hicks and Gullet, 1975). The theories can be broadly classified as follows: i) The Systems Approach: This takes on the view that organizations are composed of systems and sub-systems which are mutually dependent on each other and may be composed of some components, functions and processes (Albrecht, 1983). So the organization has 3 basic elements (Bakke, 1959): 1. Components; that include the individual, formal and informal organization, patterns of behavior emerging from role demands of the organization, role comprehension of the individual, and the physical environment in which individuals work. 2. Linking processes; like communication, balance and decision making between the different components to operate in an organized and correlated manner. 3. Organizational Goals; like growth, stability and interaction between all members of the organization. ii) Socio-Technical Approach: This considers an equilibrium between people (the social system), techniques knowledge (the technical system) and consumers (the external environment) to be of great significance in determining the organizations effectiveness (Pasmore, 1988). iii) The Contingency or Situational Approach: The situational approach takes into account that as organizations are highly dependent of their external environments, there can be no universal guideline suited for all situations (Selznick, 1949; Burns and Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967). The contingency approach suggests that social, legal, political, technical and economic factors need to be taken into consideration before determining an organizations relations to different environments (Hellriegel and Slocum, 1973).